Green is good for you

From: Subject: Green is good for you Date: Thu, 15 Aug 2002 18:09:22 -0400 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/related; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0000_01C24486.E218FCB0"; type="text/html" X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2600.0000 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C24486.E218FCB0 Content-Type: text/html; charset="Windows-1252" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://www.apa.org/monitor/apr01/greengood.html Green is good for you

Volume 32,=20 No. 4 April 2001

Green is good for you

Psychologists' research explains the = mental and=20 physical restoration we get from nature--and has = important=20 implications for how we build our homes, work = environments and=20 cities.
BY REBECCA A. CLAY=20
When psychologist Rachel Kaplan, PhD, switched = offices at=20 the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, she was only = a little=20 surprised by how good she felt in the new space. The = office=20 where she had spent the past 17 years looked out on a = barren=20 wall in a courtyard whose sole tree had long since = been=20 removed. Her new office offers a tree-top view.=20
As Kaplan works at her computer or chats on the = phone, she=20 can now gaze out at trees and watch the birds and = squirrels as=20 they leap from branch to branch. The effect these = sights have=20 had on her outlook only confirms what she and husband = Stephen=20 Kaplan, PhD, have found over decades of research: = Green is=20 good for you.=20
"My previous office was harder on me than I = realized," says=20 Kaplan, a professor of psychology and the Samuel T. = Dana=20 professor of environment and behavior in the School of = Natural=20 Resources and Environment. "I have to admit I was more = convinced of my own work after I changed offices. I = realized=20 that all of our results were right."=20
The Kaplans are at the forefront of research on = what they=20 call "restorative environments." They and other = psychologists=20 are exploring nature's impact on people's mental = functioning,=20 social relationships and even physical well-being. = Others are=20 putting that research into practice by working with = interior=20 designers, architects and city planners to create=20 psychologically healthy buildings and cities.=20
Restoring mental clarity=20
The Kaplans didn't start out with a professional = interest=20 in nature. Back in the 1970s, USDA Forest Service = funding=20 pulled them into research on the effects of an outdoor = challenge program in a wilderness setting in = Michigan's Upper=20 Peninsula. That was the beginning of a series of=20 investigations with findings that have influenced a = generation=20 of environmental psychologists.=20
"What we found was incredibly impressive," says = Stephen=20 Kaplan, a professor in the departments of psychology = and=20 computer science and engineering at Michigan. "That = wilderness=20 became a laboratory for studying nature's effect on = people."=20
What grew out of that work was the influential = theory of=20 restorative environments outlined in such books as = "With=20 People in Mind: Design and Management for Everyday = Nature"=20 (Island Press, 1998). Drawing on William James's = distinction,=20 between two kinds of attention, which they refer to as = directed attention and fascination, the Kaplans argue = that=20 using too much of the former can lead to what they = call=20 "directed attention fatigue" and the impulsivity,=20 distractibility and irritability that accompany it. = The=20 inherent fascination of nature can help people recover = from=20 this state.=20
"Directed attention fatigues people through = overuse,"=20 Stephen Kaplan explains. "If you can find an = environment where=20 the attention is automatic, you allow directed = attention to=20 rest. And that means an environment that's strong on=20 fascination."=20
People don't have to head for the woods to enjoy = nature's=20 restorative effects, the Kaplans emphasize. Even a = glimpse of=20 nature from a window helps. In one well-known study, = for=20 instance, Rachel Kaplan found that office workers with = a view=20 of nature liked their jobs more, enjoyed better health = and=20 reported greater life satisfaction.=20
Terry A. Hartig, PhD, MPH, is one psychologist who = draws on=20 the Kaplans' work in his own research. In a series of = lab and=20 field experiments, he has explored nature's ability to = help=20 people recover from what he calls "normal = psychological wear=20 and tear."=20
In one study, for instance, he asked participants = to=20 complete a 40-minute sequence of stroop and binary=20 classification tasks designed to exhaust their = directed=20 attention capacity. After the attentionally fatiguing = tasks,=20 the randomly assigned participants spent 40 minutes = walking in=20 a local nature preserve, walking in an urban area, or = sitting=20 quietly while reading magazines and listening to = music. After=20 this period, those who had walked in the nature = preserve=20 performed better than the other participants on a = standard=20 proofreading task. They also reported more positive = emotions=20 and less anger.=20
"These are not spectacular natural environments or = horribly=20 oppressive urban environments," says Hartig, an = associate=20 professor of applied psychology at the Institute for = Housing=20 and Urban Research at Uppsala University in G=E4vle, = Sweden. "We=20 try to represent typical local conditions, using = what's=20 available to people in the way of places they can = enter if=20 they're feeling stressed and want some relief."=20
Even when represented with brief photographic = simulations,=20 local natural and urban comparison conditions can have = differential effects, says Hartig, an avid hiker and = climber=20 who finds restoration in the Sierra Nevada range of=20 California. In one study, he showed people photographs = of a=20 forested area and downtown Stockholm and found that = the forest=20 slides boosted people's mood.=20
Frances E. Kuo, PhD, is also busy testing nature's = impact=20 on people. In her case, the goal is to determine = whether=20 nature can help mitigate the negative impact of living = in=20 bleak, urban environments. Instead of heading to the=20 wilderness, she conducts most of her research at the = notorious=20 Robert Taylor Homes--the country's largest public = housing=20 project--in Chicago.=20
"The 'green' landscapes in these studies are not = what most=20 people would call green," says Kuo, co-director of the = HumanEnvironment Research Laboratory at the = University of=20 Illinois at UrbanaChampaign. "We're talking about = isolated pockets of green containing just the bare = bones of=20 grass and a tree."=20
That limited amount of nature nonetheless has a = marked=20 impact on children living nearby, says Kuo. To test = her=20 theories, she puts children through a battery of tests = and=20 then compares the performance of children living in = buildings=20 near a green spot and those living in buildings = surrounded by=20 barren concrete. Children who live in greener = environments=20 have greater capacity for paying attention, says Kuo, = and=20 they're better able to delay gratification and inhibit = impulses.=20
Kuo has also examined nature's impact on children = with=20 attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder in = middle-class=20 settings. Parents reported that their children = exhibited fewer=20 symptoms after spending time in green surroundings = than when=20 they pursued activities indoors or in non-green = outdoor areas.=20
"You could say that the kids who had greener = settings were=20 just richer," says Kuo. "But that doesn't explain the = fact=20 that even rich kids do better after green settings = than after=20 brown settings."=20
Healing the body=20
Nature doesn't just have an effect on the mind. = Roger S.=20 Ulrich, PhD, director of the Center for Health Systems = and=20 Design at Texas A&M University, has found that = nature can=20 help the body heal, too.=20
In his most well-known study, Ulrich investigated = the=20 effect that views from windows had on patients = recovering from=20 abdominal surgery. He discovered that patients whose = hospital=20 rooms overlooked trees had an easier time recovering = than=20 those whose rooms overlooked brick walls. Patients = able to see=20 nature got out of the hospital faster, had fewer = complications=20 and required less pain medication than those forced to = stare=20 at a wall.=20
Like other researchers, Ulrich has found that = simply=20 viewing representations of nature can help. In a study = at a=20 Swedish hospital, for instance, he found that heart = surgery=20 patients in intensive care units could reduce their = anxiety=20 and need for pain medication by looking at pictures = depicting=20 trees and water.=20
These and other findings form the basis of Ulrich's = theory=20 of supportive design, a series of guidelines for = designers of=20 health-care facilities. To soothe patients, families = and=20 employees, he says, facilities should incorporate such = features as nature views and nature-related art in = patients'=20 rooms, aquariums in waiting areas, atria with greenery = and=20 fountains and gardens where patients, family and staff = can=20 find relief.=20
Of course, what people see isn't the only aspect of = the=20 environment that has an impact. Gary W. Evans, PhD, a=20 professor of human-environment relations at Cornell=20 University, studies the effect of noise pollution.=20
"One of the interesting things about work on = restorative=20 environments is to think about the question of = restored from=20 what?" says Evans.=20
Evans has found that noisy environments have = effects that=20 go beyond hearing damage. In a study of first- and=20 second-graders, for instance, he found that children = attending=20 a school with airplanes flying overhead scored 20 = percent=20 lower on word recognition tests.=20
Even small amounts of noise can be harmful. Evans = has found=20 that clerical workers exposed to conversation and = other mild=20 office noise showed higher stress levels and gave up = on=20 performance tests faster than those with quiet offices = did.=20
City planners, architects and others need to pay = more=20 attention to this and other research from = environmental=20 psychologists, says Evans.=20
"Architects think of themselves as sculptors and = see what=20 they're doing as leaving their signature on the = landscape," he=20 notes. "But architecture has profound implications for = human=20 health and behavior."=20
Designing with nature in mind=20
Joseph B. Juhasz, PhD, president-elect of APA's = Div. 34=20 (Population and Environmental), agrees. In fact, he = believes=20 that one explanation for the current epidemic of = depression=20 lies in the near-universal experience of uprootedness = and=20 alienation fostered by the environments in which we = live.=20
"What we desperately need is connection with our = blood and=20 soil," says Juhasz, a professor of architecture and=20 environmental design at the University of Colorado in = Boulder.=20 "We're estranged from our blood--ourselves as human = beings,=20 and our soil, our natural environment--at this moment = in our=20 culture."=20
Juhasz has proposed a solution in numerous design=20 competitions: high-density cities that are long and = thin=20 instead of round and fat, giving all inhabitants easy = access=20 to the surrounding countryside.=20
Psychologist Judith H. Heerwagen, PhD, is already = putting=20 the principles of restorative environments into = practice in=20 the work she does as a consultant to designers, = companies and=20 others.=20
Heerwagen began her career studying animal = behavior.=20 Gradually her interest shifted to how humans' = prehistoric=20 experiences on the African savanna shape their = environmental=20 preferences. Now she's trying to find ways to make = people more=20 psychologically comfortable by "naturalizing" = interiors.=20
To achieve that goal, Heerwagen is working with = designers=20 to take natural patterns and render them in abstract = ways=20 suitable for interiors. For example, she replaces bold = geometrics with abstracted natural patterns in = floor-coverings=20 and uses branch-like forms overhead to make ceilings=20 reminiscent of tree canopies. In an upcoming = experiment,=20 Heerwagen will test whether these abstracted forms of = nature=20 have the same impact on people as nature itself.=20
"Once you start thinking about it, this kind of = design=20 makes perfect sense," says Heerwagen, principal of = J.H.=20 Heerwagen and Associates and senior scientist at the = Pacific=20 Northwest National Laboratory in Seattle. "We didn't = evolve in=20 a sea of gray cubicles."=20
=20

Rebecca A. Clay is a writer in = Washington,=20 D.C.

3D"Monitor

Many=20 approaches to being green

Keeping=20 national forests green and user friendly

Other=20 psychologists in the field

The=20 greening of APA

Cover=20 Page for this Issue=20

APA Home Page .=20 Search . Site Map=20 =

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